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Post: Facilities Assistant Department: Estate & Facilities Department - Mountbatten Hampshire Reports to: Facilities Manager Hours: 22.5 hours per week to be worked flexibly, core hours will be worked Monday to Friday each week in accordance with the needs of the service, which may include occasional weekends, evenings, bank holidays and on call cover Salary: £15,738.10 pr annum (£26,230.17 per annum FTE) Overview of Role The postholder will provide a comprehensive general maintenance, repair and minor works service on the Mountbatten Hampshire site. The post-holder will be expected to work as an integrated member of the Facilities Team and work and support teams across the organisation. The postholder will participate in the provision of day-to-day planned maintenance, and reactive maintenance. The post-holder will frequently work without constant direct supervision and will also be expected to undertake appropriate training including Health and Safety. Key Tasks - External Works Carry out regular security checks on all external doors and windows as required Assist with the disposal of waste, including clinical waste, once training has been provided Maintain levels/order replacement oxygen cylinders and assist with deliveries and storage of these items, ensuring compliance with Mountbatten procedures for safe storage Grounds and garden maintenance, including cleaning paths, decking, guttering, etc. Maintain and clean out drains and road gullies Maintain and clean windows and doors Snow, ice clearance and gritting as required to ensure the safety of everyone accessing the Hospice site and parking areas Internal Works To carry out small building works, refurbishments, and maintenance such as joinery, painting, plumbing and general repairs Provide and perform a proactive planned preventative maintenance system related to the Mountbatten's requirements and activities Planned maintenance tasks related to the Mountbatten's requirements and activities, such as fire alarm tests, emergency lights, etc Perform safety checks on all Mountbatten's equipment including Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) and record the data appropriately, once training has been provided Take readings from metering equipment and complete the necessary log records Respond on activation of the fire alarm to assist as a Fire Marshall, once training has been provided Ad-hoc porterage duties (moves and changes, furniture management and moves, meeting room set ups, etc) Review Mountbatten's reporting system for maintenance or Health and Safety issues daily and discussing with the Facilities Manager or their deputy the necessary actions and ensuring this is recorded and actioned on the system Identify any potential problems and bring unresolved matters to the attention of the Facilities Manager or their deputy Responsible for first line response to reactive repairs and make safe and isolate engineering services or equipment, as required Carry out general estate's housekeeping duties, including high level cleaning, unblocking drains, lighting, lamp cleaning, etc Empty general and clinical waste bins and ensure correct procedures are always followed for the safe disposal of items Provide assistance to the Housekeeping team when required Other Responsibilities Participate in out of hour's emergency cover, as required and agreed with line manager To carry out any duties as and when required thought reasonable within the scope of this role To comply with the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 at all times and ensure that any breach is reported immediately to the relevant person, including the Head of Estates and Facilities Ensure patient confidentiality at all times To attend mandatory training courses and any other courses relevant to the job and would increase skill and knowledge This job position was listed by Mountbatten Hospice (View Profile ). Please contact Charli on for further information. Alternatively, you can email the employer. About Mountbatten Hospice Welcome to Mountbatten Hampshire, Southampton-based community and hospice end-of-life and palliative care provider. Inspired by the work of Dame Cicely Saunders (), founder of the hospice movement, the organisation we know as Mountbatten Hampshire is the county's oldest and

At the Ellison Institute of Technology (EIT), we're on a mission to translate scientific discovery into real world impact. We bring together visionaryscientists, technologists, engineers, researchers, educators and innovators to tackle humanity's greatest challenges in four transformative areas: Health, Medical Science & Generative Biology Food Security & Sustainable Agriculture Climate Change & Managing CO Artificial Intelligence & Robotics This is ambitious work - work that demands curiosity, courage, and a relentless drive to make a difference. At EIT, you'll join a community built on excellence, innovation, tenacity, trust, and collaboration, where bold ideas become real-world breakthroughs. Together, we push boundaries, embrace complexity, and create solutions to scale ideas from lab to society. Explore more at . Welcome to the Pathogen Project: Within this ecosystem, the Pathogen Project exemplifies EIT's dedication to ground-breaking science. It seeks to transform pathogen risk management, detection and response by leveraging Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)-based metagenomic and pathogen-specific analytical tools. The goal is to power metagenomic devices using long-read sequencing technologies by building a comprehensive database of pathogen information to inform response. Enabled by Oracle Inc.'s cloud-computing scale and security, the Pathogen Project is advancing toward certified diagnostic tools for deployment in laboratories, hospitals, and public health organisations worldwide. Your Role: At EIT, we're seeking an experienced and detail orientated Senior Scientist, Biotechnology, to contribute to the early stage development of a device based metagenomic pathogen detection platform within EIT Oxford's Pathogen Programme. This work focuses on establishing proof of concept for a modular workflow enabling infectious disease diagnosis at or near the point of care. In this laboratory based role, you will design and execute hypothesis led experiments to interrogate and iteratively refine nucleic acid extraction, purification, and manipulation workflows within a fluidic device architecture. You will apply quantitative characterisation, controlled comparisons, and mechanistic insight to drive system level improvements and systematically reduce technical uncertainty through disciplined, evidence based experimentation. You will bring strong expertise and demonstrable experience developing nucleic acid handling or enzyme based systems. Experience with surface chemistry, microfluidic environments, polymer or material interfaces, or low input nucleic acid workflows is advantageous. You should be comfortable operating in an exploratory, data driven research environment, using structured experimentation, quantitative analysis, and rapid, evidence guided iteration to navigate ambiguity and progress early stage technology development. Key Responsibilities: Designing and executing statistically robust, hypothesis-driven experiments with appropriate controls to isolate key variables and generate reproducible, decision informing data. Applying structured experimental design approaches (e.g. factorial design, parameter sweeps, sensitivity analysis) to systematically explore design space and identify critical performance drivers. Investigating the physicochemical principles underlying nucleic acid adsorption, elution, surface interactions, and partitioning within device materials and reagent systems. Characterising enzyme-substrate interactions under non ideal conditions, including the effects of inhibitors, ionic strength, crowding, and surface chemistry on catalytic efficiency and fidelity. Developing and applying quantitative analytical frameworks to define performance metrics, establish baselines, and guide iterative optimisation across workflow stages. Systematically identifying sources of variability and technical risk, quantifying their impact, and prioritising mitigation strategies based on experimental evidence and expected effect size. Translating mechanistic findings into clear design recommendations that inform workflow architecture, reagent formats, surface treatments, and fluid handling strategies during iterative prototype development. Working closely with engineers to align biochemical and chemical requirements with device design constraints and integration priorities. Essential Knowledge, Skills and Experience: PhD (or equivalent experience) in Biochemistry, Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Bioengineering, Biotechnology, or a closely related discipline. Deep expertise in characterising biomolecular systems, including quantitative analysis of enzyme kinetics, binding interactions, and nucleic acid chemistry under non ideal or constrained conditions. Demonstrated ability to design controlled experiments that distinguish mechanistic effects from artefact in complex, multi variable systems. Experience with surface functionalisation and bioconjugation strategies, including immobilisation of polynucleotides, enzymes, antibodies, or other biomolecules onto solid supports or device relevant materials. Strong understanding of nucleic acid purification, separation, and manipulation, including the chemical principles governing adsorption, elution, and stability. Hands on experience in assay development and analytical method development using quantitative performance criteria, reproducibility standards, and data driven decision making. Desirable Knowledge, Skills and Experience: Experience quantifying non nucleic acid chemical species (e.g. inhibitors, contaminants, residual reagents) within multi step laboratory workflows. Demonstrated ability to interrogate the physicochemical behaviour of polynucleotides, enzymes, and related analytes within complex or miniaturised systems. Familiarity with library preparation chemistries and sequencing workflows, including Oxford Nanopore and other next generation sequencing platforms, with awareness of upstream chemical constraints affecting downstream performance. Experience working with microfluidic systems, polymer interfaces, or material-biomolecule interactions. Key Attributes: Scientific and Technical Expertise Proven ability to design, implement, and troubleshoot bioconjugation and surface based assays within integrated workflows. Experience quantifying and mitigating chemical carryover, inhibitory species, or cross contamination in complex, multi stage processing systems. Familiarity with biosafety practices and sterile technique for handling human derived or high pathogen environmental samples. Evidence of innovation and technical leadership in early stage technology development (e.g. patents, publications, translational research contributions, or commercial product development). Team Working and Project Management Ability to define experimental workstreams, set measurable technical objectives, and deliver clear outputs aligned with programme milestones. Experience communicating quantitative and mechanistic findings in a manner that informs engineering and architectural decisions. Demonstrated cross disciplinary collaboration across biology, chemistry, engineering, data science, or related fields. Soft Skills Strong analytical and problem solving mindset with a disciplined, evidence led experimental approach. Excellent verbal and written communication skills for technical and non technical audiences. Ability to prioritise work based on impact, manage multiple parallel investigations, and operate effectively in a rapidly evolving research environment. Our Benefits: Salary: Competitive + travel allowance + bonus Enhanced holiday pay Pension Life Assurance Income Protection Private Medical Insurance Hospital Cash Plan Therapy Services Perk Box Electric Car Scheme Working Together - What It Involves: You must have the right to work permanently in the UK with a willingness to travel as necessary. In certain cases, we can consider sponsorship, and this will be assessed on a case by case basis. For this role we would expect someone to be fully on site in Oxford You will live in, or within easy commuting distance of, Oxford (or be willing to relocate).

Posted Thursday, February 26, 2026 at 6:00 AM Quotient Sciences: Molecule to Cure. Fast. Quotient Sciences is a leading drug development and manufacturing accelerator, helping biotech and pharma companies bring new medicines to patients faster. With over 35 years of experience and a track record of success, we provide Drug Product (CDMO) and Clinical (CRO) services across the entire development pathway, including formulation development, clinical pharmacology, clinical trials, and commercial product manufacturing. Our proprietary and disruptive platform - "Translational Pharmaceutics " - integrates Drug Product Manufacturing and Clinical Testing to eliminate silos in the drug development process. This in turn reduces costs, improves outcomes, and significantly accelerates drug development times. Why join us: Because every day counts when bringing new medicines to patients. Our 1,000+ experts across the US, UK, and beyond are united by science, agility, and a culture that turns ideas into impact-fast. The Role This is an excellent opportunity to contribute to the development of innovative drug products that progress quickly into clinical manufacture. As part of our formulation development team, you will support both formulation and radiolabelling activities that underpin Quotient Sciences' integrated Translational Pharmaceutics offering. Working within a regulated environment, you will help design, prepare, characterise and transfer formulations and radiolabelling methods into GMP clinical manufacturing, ensuring each process is robust, compliant and ready for clinical delivery. Main Responsibilities Plan and conduct experiments in line with agreed schedules, ensuring accurate protocol development. Prepare and characterise formulations for pre clinical and clinical use. Support development and validation of radiolabelling methods for clinical studies. Transfer formulation and radiolabelling methods into GMP clinical manufacture, contributing to protocol design, validation criteria and operational parameters. Work in accordance with GMP, GxP guidance and all relevant regulations. Manage the safe storage, use and disposal of radioactive isotopes following PP SOPs and liaise with the Radiation Protection Supervisor or Deputy as required. Maintain clear, detailed and accurate laboratory records. Analyse results accurately and in line with protocols/SOPs. Write internal and external reports as needed. Communicate experimental progress to senior managers or internal project teams. Perform routine cleaning, housekeeping and general laboratory duties. Maintain confidentiality and carry out additional duties as reasonably required. Skills/Experience Required Degree in pharmacy, chemistry or a related scientific discipline. Experience in formulation development is desirable; knowledge of radioisotopes beneficial but not essential. Experience working to cGMP standards is an advantage. Strong attention to detail and high quality documentation skills. Ability to work safely, responsibly and collaboratively in a laboratory environment. Strong communication and organisational skills. Application Requirements When applying for a position with Quotient Sciences to be able to work in our organization you must be aged 18 years or over and not have been debarred by the FDA. If you indicate you are under the age of 18 or have been debarred then your application will be automatically declined. Our Commitment to Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Quotient Sciences are advocates for positive change and conscious inclusion. We strive to create a diverse Quotient workforce and develop a workplace culture that provides a sense of acceptance for every person within our organization. As a global employer, we recognize the value in having an organization that is a true reflection and representation of our society today. Specifically we will not discriminate on the basis of race, color, creed, religion, gender, gender identity, pregnancy, marital status, partnership status, domestic violence victim status, sexual orientation, age, national origin, alienage or citizenship status, veteran or military status, disability, medical condition, genetic information, caregiver status, unemployment status or any other characteristic prohibited by federal, state and/or local laws. This applies to all aspects of employment, including hiring, promotion, demotion, compensation, training, working conditions, transfer, job assignments, benefits, layoff, and termination.

Postdoctoral Research Scientist in Pandemic Epidemiology University of Oxford - Pandemic Sciences Institute Oxford, UK (on-site) General Description - include all relevant details from the source The Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford is recruiting a Postdoctoral Research Scientist in Pandemic Epidemiology to advance innovative research on epidemiological modelling and benchmarking. This full time, fixed term position supports a project funded by Google.org through its Health AI Programme and is based at the Pandemic Sciences Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford. The successful candidate will work within an interdisciplinary research environment to contribute to the development of a benchmarking framework for epidemiological models, encompassing disease forecasting, spatiotemporal outbreak reconstruction, phylodynamic and phylogeographic inference, and epidemiological parameter estimation. The role involves close collaboration with researchers across multiple disciplines-including computational epidemiology, evolutionary biology, computer science, and software engineering-to design, implement, and maintain robust benchmarking tools that help shape how the field evaluates and compares new modelling and inference methods. You will also have opportunities for funded training and professional development within the Data Analytics and Epidemiology (DAE) group at the institute. Eligibility Criteria Applicants should hold, or be nearing completion of, a PhD/DPhil in a relevant quantitative discipline such as epidemiology, computational biology, computer science, biostatistics, mathematical modelling or another closely related field. Candidates must demonstrate a strong interest in infectious disease modelling and interdisciplinary research and should be capable of contributing independently to complex scientific projects. Required expertise/skills Proven experience in computational epidemiology, mathematical modelling or quantitative research relevant to infectious disease dynamics. Demonstrated ability to develop and maintain software and technical tools, with proficiency in programming languages such as Python, R, or similar. Strong collaborative skills, with the ability to work effectively across disciplinary teams involving scientists, engineers and public health stakeholders. Excellent written and verbal communication skills, capable of articulating complex concepts to diverse research audiences. Genuine enthusiasm for continuing professional development and the ability to engage with evolving research challenges. Salary details The salary for this post is in the range of £39,424 to £47,779 per year. Application Deadline Applications must be received by Monday 16 March 2026 at 12:00 midday (UK time).

This position presents a career growth opportunity to a paid internship position in Australia. Candidates are first required to complete a three-month unpaid internship in Bali so we can assess fit and performance. If this initial stage goes well, we would be pleased to discuss the potential transition to a paid internship position in Australia. Location: Bali, Indonesia (On-site only) Compensation: Unpaid Internship (with potential transition to a paid internship in Australia) Role Overview Join our team as a Machine Learning Engineer Intern, where you will be responsible for building and improving AI models that drive our products and services. This is an exciting opportunity to work with cutting-edge technologies, using Python and frameworks such as PyTorch and TensorFlow to develop real-time, scalable AI solutions. Key Responsibilities Design, build, and enhance machine learning models using Python, PyTorch, and TensorFlow, focusing on scalable, high-performance AI solutions. Collaborate with cross-functional teams to integrate machine learning models into existing systems, ensuring smooth deployment and performance. Conduct thorough testing and validation of models to optimize their accuracy and generalization to new data. Engage in continuous improvement by experimenting with different machine learning algorithms and fine-tuning hyperparameters for better results. Participate in data preparation tasks, including data cleaning, feature engineering, and model evaluation. Document model development processes and results, ensuring clarity for team collaboration and future reference. Role-Relevant Skills Machine Learning Frameworks: Proficient in Python, PyTorch, and TensorFlow for building and optimizing AI models. Data Processing: Strong ability to preprocess data, engineer features, and ensure data quality for model training. Algorithm Development: Experience with implementing deep learning algorithms (CNNs, RNNs, GANs) and fine-tuning models. Experimentation & Evaluation: Ability to experiment with various hyperparameters and evaluate model performance using appropriate metrics. Collaboration: Effective teamwork and communication with cross-functional teams (e.g., engineering) to integrate models into systems. Documentation: Skill in documenting model development, processes, and results for internal teams and future scalability. Learning Outcomes You will gain practical experience in your field, learn to leverage AI tools to scale operations, and develop a deep understanding of how high-growth organizations build and manage teams. You will learn to think strategically, manage multiple stakeholders, and develop systems that drive operational efficiency. This experience will position you for roles at startups, venture-backed companies, and growth-stage organizations. What We Are Looking For Can-do Attitude: You have a proactive mindset and an entrepreneurial spirit. You are self-driven and can thrive in fast-paced work environments. Ambitious: You are highly adaptive and curious, and motivated to learn new skills. Learning Agility: You are committed to continuous learning, adapting in dynamic environments, and tackling problems head-on. AI Tech-savvy: You have prior experience in leveraging AI to accelerate workflows. Independent and Collaborative: You can work independently while working effectively with others, as part of a cross-functional team. International: You have a global mindset and can work in a diverse team. What We Offer This internship provides direct exposure to how companies scale operations. We actively support connections to opportunities that align with career goals. Work hours are 11 AM to 5 PM, providing flexibility to balance professional development with life in Bali. Housing options are available based on preference, from quiet, focused environments to collaborative co-living spaces. You will be part of an international community of entrepreneurs, building meaningful networks and relationships. Important Note The initial position in Bali is an unpaid internship. We do not cover accommodation, visa, or flights. What we offer is the opportunity to build practical skills, free lunch, work on real business challenges, and gain experience in a high-growth environment. Relocation Mandatory relocation to Bali, Indonesia. No remote options available. Start Date ASAP We encourage you to apply even if you do not meet all of the listed requirements. We value diverse experiences and are open to candidates who are eager to grow and contribute to our team.

About Sava All the health information we need is within us. Just below the skin. SAVA is redefining the way people interact with their health by developing the most advanced biosensing technology science has to offer, capable of accessing bodily information in a painless, real-time and affordable way. The Role We are seeking an exceptional Senior Scientist to join our New Analyte Team within the Biosensing and In Vivo Performance Department. This role will be directly reporting into the New Analyte Team Lead. This role is critical to future sensor development, focusing on the development of novel enzymatic and non-enzymatic based sensing technologies which will help shape and define the future of this company. This is a highly practical hands on role which will require a meticulous and tenacious approach to work. We're looking for someone willing to own end to end sensor development cycles from upstream process development to downstream performance testing and characterisation. The ideal candidate will have demonstrated excellence in process science, chemistry, or biotechnology; solid understanding of designing and executing experiments to capture quantitative data, with the ability to translate findings into actionable product and performance improvements. A track record of taking initiative-identifying problems, proposing solutions, and seeing them through to completion without waiting to be directed. The determination and curiosity to push through setbacks and iterate toward breakthroughs. What You'll Do Work within the New Analyte Team to develop and characterise novel sensing blend formulations using defined Process tools and QC instrumentation. Collaborate with the Synthesis, Process, and Biomaterials teams to learn, optimise and implement material and process changes for improved sensor performance. Build upon and develop existing protocols to further the understanding of various aspects of materials and processes used in sensor manufacturing and performance characterisation. Develop explorative trials, including DoE trials, that investigate material and process parameters to optimise sensor performance. Carry out performance testing of new sensing formulations. Generate, analyse and report data to the team and wider company, verbally and in writing. Research and implement novel test methods and experimental procedures support characterisation. Liaise with internal and external stakeholders to coordinate projects, manage deadlines and requirements in parallel to advancing device development. Support internal and external collaborations with vendors and research groups. What We're Looking For BSc degree or above, and at least 2-4 years lab experience in a relevant discipline (e.g., chemistry, process science, materials science). Experience in a lab/industry working with process development and characterisation. Hands on experience in a biotechnology, process chemistry or synthetic chemistry laboratory setting, either through university research projects, industry positions, and/or internships. A multidisciplinary background is highly advantageous. The candidate will be expected to work cross functionally with teams including Biosensing, Synthetic Chemistry, Manufacturing, Data and Engineering, which may include: process characterisation, new material investigation, medical device manufacture, sterilisation, in vitro testing, enzyme stability and activity, microscopy (Keyence experience), operation of precision dispensing systems. Bonus Points For Experience working in a start up environment. Working knowledge of electrochemical testing using Palmsense hardware/software. Working knowledge of Precision Dispensing equipment. Why Sava? This is a high ownership, high responsibility role in a company that's building something complex, meaningful, and fast. The expectations are high, the learning curve is steep, and the work is often messy - but the impact is real. We don't have room for egos or passengers. What we do have is a team of thoughtful, driven, and mission aligned people who are committed to building something better-and doing it with urgency and integrity.

About Shufti Shufti is a global leader in AI-powered identity verification (IDV) and anti-money laundering (AML) solutions, offering advanced KYC (Know Your Customer), KYB (Know Your Business) and KYI (Know Your Investor) services that enable businesses to onboard customers securely and meet regulatory requirements. Founded in 2017 and trusted by industry leaders in FinTech, Crypto, Banking, E-commerce, and iGaming, our technology delivers real-time verification in over 240 countries and territories-empowering a safer, fraud free digital world. Position Purpose: The Head of Compliance & Legal Operations is a critical leadership role responsible for building, owning, and defending Shufti Pro's global compliance framework. This role is the company's central control function for regulatory risk, requiring deep integration with our product and commercial strategy. You will also coordinate essential legal and contract administration workflows. We are seeking a builder and an owner, not just a manager, who can operate with high autonomy in our lean, fast paced environment. The Non Negotiables (What You Must Have Done Before): Built or fundamentally reshaped a global compliance program in a fintech, RegTech, crypto adjacent, or technology company serving regulated financial institutions. Hands on experience analyzing and applying regulatory requirements across multiple key jurisdictions (specifically US, UK, EU, and/or Middle East), with a working knowledge of frameworks like US BSA/AML, UK MLRs/FCA handbooks, EU AMLD, GDPR, and an understanding of DORA, MiCA, and crypto asset regulations. Acted as a true control function, with proven experience shaping commercial deals, product features, and market entry decisions from the outset based on regulatory constraints-not just performing post facto risk assessments. Operated successfully in a resource lean environment where you have personally handled legal adjacent or operational tasks beyond a narrow compliance remit. Key Responsibilities: 1. Strategic Compliance Ownership & Build: Design, implement, and own the end to end global compliance framework from the ground up, ensuring it is fully integrated into our product architecture and GTM strategy. Conduct granular regulatory perimeter analysis for new and existing markets, translating complex regulations into actionable, commercially aware requirements for product, sales, and engineering teams. Serve as the definitive internal authority on regulatory risk tolerance. Articulate clear, binary boundaries and provide decisive guidance to leadership, with the authority to shape business decisions. 2. Commercial & Product Partnership: Embed compliance into the product lifecycle and sales process. Review and approve new product features, customer proposals, and commercial structures before commitments are made. Act as a strategic partner to Sales, enabling deal closure by designing compliant solutions and articulating our control environment to enterprise customers and partners. Draft and negotiate compliance related clauses in customer and partner contracts, in close collaboration with the General Counsel. 3. Operational Execution & Control: Establish and run all core compliance operations (policies, training, monitoring, incident management) with a focus on practicality and audit ready documentation. Own the compliance risk register and lead regulatory engagements, including audits, inquiries, and licensing processes. Coordinate legal operations: manage contract lifecycle from intake to execution, maintain legal playbooks, and track tasks to reduce executive load. 4. Leadership & Mindset: Thrive in ambiguity and a flat structure. You will be the primary compliance resource and must be comfortable executing hands on work while setting strategic direction. Foster a culture of regulatory excellence that balances robust risk management with the pace of a high growth technology company. Required Experience & Skills: 8+ years of compliance experience, with the majority gained in technology driven financial services (fintech, payments, crypto, RegTech). Experience at an identity verification provider is a significant plus. Proven track record of building or substantially rebuilding a compliance program, not just maintaining an established one. Expert level knowledge of AML/CFT, Sanctions, and KYC regulations across major jurisdictions. Strong working knowledge of GDPR/data protection as it applies to processing operations. Demonstrated experience acting as a commercial partner and control function. You can point to instances where you directly said "no" or "only this way" to a commercial deal or product launch based on regulatory risk. Experience with contract management and legal operations workflows. Excellent English communication skills, with the ability to command authority with internal teams, customers, and regulators. Relevant certifications (CAMS, ICA, etc.) are preferred.